①때.
* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
②이유.
* It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)
8. Being, Having been의 생략.: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능. 분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
9. 분사의 강조용법
* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
◇ ～ing as it does 형.
* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)
